The memories of World War II in the Philippines are alive in numerous memorial sites built by the post-war Philippine and U.S. governments, particularly during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986), who falsely claimed to be the country’s most decorated war hero. What do these memorial sites tell us about the visions of war and peace that the governments of the Philippines and the United States sought to forward, and what war and peace discourses are present in these memorial sites? To answer these questions, I analyzed the production contexts and the visual semiotic resources of the Philippines’ major state-sponsored war memorial sites, namely, the Shrine of Valor in Bataan and the Pacific War Memorial in Corregidor. Using a production context analysis and a multimodal critical discourse analysis, I found that the state-led memorialization of World War II in the Philippines has foregrounded the discourses of heroism and sacrifice to coincide with foreign policy objectives. Such findings shed light not only on the intention of the state to mobilize memory toward specific aims but, more insidiously, on how the flexibility of memory, presented through the sites’ visual semiotic resources, enables its reshaping according to the intentions of their memorial patrons. The potential of these sites to promote peace and reconciliation is subverted by the use of traditional war imagery that could easily promote engaging in war if deemed necessary, but this could also be balanced by collective counter-memory in various spheres and scales.

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Visualizing War and Peace Through World War II Memorials and Monuments in the Philippines

  • John Lee Candelaria

摘要

The memories of World War II in the Philippines are alive in numerous memorial sites built by the post-war Philippine and U.S. governments, particularly during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986), who falsely claimed to be the country’s most decorated war hero. What do these memorial sites tell us about the visions of war and peace that the governments of the Philippines and the United States sought to forward, and what war and peace discourses are present in these memorial sites? To answer these questions, I analyzed the production contexts and the visual semiotic resources of the Philippines’ major state-sponsored war memorial sites, namely, the Shrine of Valor in Bataan and the Pacific War Memorial in Corregidor. Using a production context analysis and a multimodal critical discourse analysis, I found that the state-led memorialization of World War II in the Philippines has foregrounded the discourses of heroism and sacrifice to coincide with foreign policy objectives. Such findings shed light not only on the intention of the state to mobilize memory toward specific aims but, more insidiously, on how the flexibility of memory, presented through the sites’ visual semiotic resources, enables its reshaping according to the intentions of their memorial patrons. The potential of these sites to promote peace and reconciliation is subverted by the use of traditional war imagery that could easily promote engaging in war if deemed necessary, but this could also be balanced by collective counter-memory in various spheres and scales.