Dysplastic aortic valves or aortic roots need to be replaced or repaired. The Ross and Konno operations are the most common. In a Ross operation the aortic valve is replaced by the pulmonary valve, with a homograft as the new pulmonary valve. The Konno operation is an enlargement of aortic valve annulus and aortic root by extension of the ventricular septum with a patch, usually followed by a aortic valve replacement. Anaesthetic management depends on associated lesions and the quality of the repair.