Medical Information Systems (MIS) have evolved in response to the need to manage medical and clinical information efficiently. The constant updating of these systems has become essential to comply with special regulations, ensuring the protection of patient. This research aims to analyze MIS requirements elicitation techniques through a Systematic Literature Review to identify the most used techniques, explore the regulations that affect elicitation, and understand the challenges associated with this practice. In a publication period of 2018–2023, twenty-two studies were selected using eight selection criteria. The results revealed that, among the elicitation techniques identified and applied in the development of MIS, interviews and the observation technique are the most prevalent. In addition, techniques such as emotional target modeling, which allows the identification of the client’s emotions and desires to understand their expectations, were detected. Finally, challenges associated with MIS elicitation techniques found were grouped into human and Visual representation barriers.