Uttar Pradesh, the state with the highest population in IndiaIndia, relies significantly on agricultureAgriculture. Nevertheless, agricultureAgriculture in Uttar Pradesh encounters two distinct challenges: the vulnerabilityVulnerability of women farmersWomen farmers and the mounting threat of climate changeClimate change. Although womenWomen constitute a significant proportion of the agricultural labour force in Uttar Pradesh, they continue to face issues of unequal access to land ownership, access to resources, and decision-making power in agricultureAgriculture. WomenWomen have reduced levels of labour mobility and migrationMigration in comparison with men in response to floods or droughts, which hampers their ability to adapt to the effects of climate changeClimate change. This chapter explores the twin difficulties faced by women farmersWomen farmers in western Uttar Pradesh. Firstly, it examines the existing socio-economic gender inequalitiesGender inequalities. Secondly, the research analyses how natural climatic factors and institutional factors influence womenWomen in agricultureAgriculture. The study uses feminist standpointFeminist standpoint theory to recognize structural power relations of gender inequalityGender inequalities by situating it inside womenWomen’s lived experiences and their productive functions. It uses both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data was collected through Participatory Rural Assessment, interview schedules, focussed group discussions, and four case studies. The study shows how the marginalization of womenWomen increases with the rising adverse effects of climate changeClimate change, particularly manifesting in increasing uncertainty of rainfall and aggravating groundwater depletion. The study calls for ensuringWomen empowerment womenWomen’s empowermentEmpowerment in the agricultural sector as an important strategy for achieving food securityFood security. It also proposes measures and policy directions that can improve the empowermentEmpowerment of women farmersWomen farmers in Uttar Pradesh.