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Southwest China is the ecologically fragile area with the strongest karst development in China and the ecologically restored area with the remarkable effect of reforestation. Although some studies have confirmed the causal relationship between the implementation of ecological restoration projects and the improvement of ecosystem services, the complex relationship between multiple ecosystem services and the constraint effect of vegetation restoration on ecosystem services was rarely studied. Therefore, we accurately estimated net primary productivity (NPP), water yield, food production, and soil conservation in Southwest China and constructed the relationship index among ecosystem services. The temporal variation characteristics and driving forces were analyzed, and the constraint effect and impact threshold of the relationship between forest cover and ecosystem services were identified. The results showed that: (1) from 2000 to 2018, the mean value of the regional ecosystem service synergy index did not change significantly, the trade-off index showed a decreasing trend, and the composite index increased slightly. (2) The spatial distribution of the relationship index among ecosystem services was significantly different. The increase in synergy index was mainly concentrated in the southern part of the study area. The decrease in the trade-off index was mainly found in central Sichuan and eastern Guizhou, but the increase in the composite index was mainly distributed in Yunnan, eastern Guizhou, and southern Sichuan. (3) The change in ecosystem services’ relationship was influenced by many forces, among which, the forest coverage area had the most prominent effect, and the effect of each force had obviously spatial unbalance. (4) There were certain constraints between the synergy, trade-off, and composite relationship of ecosystem services and the proportion of forest coverage area. When the impact threshold exceeded 59%, the expansion of forest coverage did not bring about the continuous development of ecosystem services. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink the ecological restoration scheme that only relies on expanding forest area to improve the comprehensive capacity of ecosystem services and build a comprehensive strategy for regional ecological restoration.

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Characteristics and the Constraint Relationship Between Vegetation Coverage and Ecosystem Services in Southwest China

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Tiantian Chen,
  • Li Peng

摘要

Southwest China is the ecologically fragile area with the strongest karst development in China and the ecologically restored area with the remarkable effect of reforestation. Although some studies have confirmed the causal relationship between the implementation of ecological restoration projects and the improvement of ecosystem services, the complex relationship between multiple ecosystem services and the constraint effect of vegetation restoration on ecosystem services was rarely studied. Therefore, we accurately estimated net primary productivity (NPP), water yield, food production, and soil conservation in Southwest China and constructed the relationship index among ecosystem services. The temporal variation characteristics and driving forces were analyzed, and the constraint effect and impact threshold of the relationship between forest cover and ecosystem services were identified. The results showed that: (1) from 2000 to 2018, the mean value of the regional ecosystem service synergy index did not change significantly, the trade-off index showed a decreasing trend, and the composite index increased slightly. (2) The spatial distribution of the relationship index among ecosystem services was significantly different. The increase in synergy index was mainly concentrated in the southern part of the study area. The decrease in the trade-off index was mainly found in central Sichuan and eastern Guizhou, but the increase in the composite index was mainly distributed in Yunnan, eastern Guizhou, and southern Sichuan. (3) The change in ecosystem services’ relationship was influenced by many forces, among which, the forest coverage area had the most prominent effect, and the effect of each force had obviously spatial unbalance. (4) There were certain constraints between the synergy, trade-off, and composite relationship of ecosystem services and the proportion of forest coverage area. When the impact threshold exceeded 59%, the expansion of forest coverage did not bring about the continuous development of ecosystem services. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink the ecological restoration scheme that only relies on expanding forest area to improve the comprehensive capacity of ecosystem services and build a comprehensive strategy for regional ecological restoration.