This chapter explored the global trends on wastewater (WW) production and management, its sources, composition and effects on human health, the environment and socio-economy. Global production rates of WW were found to be on a rising trend with generation rates expected to increase by 51% between 2015 and 2050 from 380 to 574 billion m3 annually. The sources of the resource are diverse but mainly driven by anthropogenic activities such as industrialization, agriculture and urbanization. Composition of WW was shown to have biological, physical and chemical constituents, some of which have a non-biodegradable and bioaccumulative nature once introduced in food chains. The effects of discharge and reuse of the resource in its raw form results to the introduction of toxicities and diseases in humans, interference with food, physiology and habitats of various organisms, and reduced capacity of ecosystems to sustain themselves. These implications have negative socio-economic impacts and as such, the management of WW should become a priority.