Microplastics, ubiquitous pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems, have raised concerns regarding their effects on soil health and rhizosphere dynamics. This study examines the impact of microplastic accumulation on rhizosphere activities in soil, shedding light on the complex interactions between microplastics, microorganisms, and plant rhizosphere. Microplastic type and concentration in the vicinity of roots influenced rhizosphere responses, with polyethylene exhibiting the most severe impacts. Impacts in the form of accumulation of microplastics resulted in altered soil microbial community structure, reduced beneficial bacteria, and increased potential pathogenic species. Further exposure of microplastics decreased soil enzyme activities, thereby impairing nutrient cycling. Plant growth was negatively affected with reduced root–shoot ratio, root length, biomass of the plant, and chlorophyll content. Future agricultural practices should focus on reducing microplastic contamination and the development of effective technology for soil remediation to protect soil biota and ecosystem services.