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This chapter provides an analysis that, while less in-depth than that of the previous two case studies, includes: Grenada (October 1983), Libya (April 14, 1986), Panama (December 1989–January 1990), Iraq/Kuwait (1991), Somalia (December 1992–May 1993), Yugoslavia (1999), and Afghanistan (September 2001–September 2003). The rationale for the case selection and timeframes involves the following: These cases, bounded by and including Vietnam and Iraq, represent all cases of overt aerial bombardment/strafing applied by the United States since the late 1960s. My analysis leads to the conclusion that, with some exceptions, Orientalism fails to accurately predict or explain U.S. foreign policies of violence. In fact, a pattern of neutral-Orientalism (in which Orientalist trigger words are found to be strictly literal in nature) or anti-Orientalism (in which the use of Orientalist trigger words actually works to do the opposite of what Orientalism would suggest) emerges, which is quite detrimental to the claims of Orientalism.

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It Was the Worst of Times, It Was the Worst of Times

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Evan O. Renfro

摘要

This chapter provides an analysis that, while less in-depth than that of the previous two case studies, includes: Grenada (October 1983), Libya (April 14, 1986), Panama (December 1989–January 1990), Iraq/Kuwait (1991), Somalia (December 1992–May 1993), Yugoslavia (1999), and Afghanistan (September 2001–September 2003). The rationale for the case selection and timeframes involves the following: These cases, bounded by and including Vietnam and Iraq, represent all cases of overt aerial bombardment/strafing applied by the United States since the late 1960s. My analysis leads to the conclusion that, with some exceptions, Orientalism fails to accurately predict or explain U.S. foreign policies of violence. In fact, a pattern of neutral-Orientalism (in which Orientalist trigger words are found to be strictly literal in nature) or anti-Orientalism (in which the use of Orientalist trigger words actually works to do the opposite of what Orientalism would suggest) emerges, which is quite detrimental to the claims of Orientalism.