Introduction: Compressive neuropathy of the peroneal nerve (CNPN) is the most common compressive neuropathy of the lower limb. Objective: To conduct a review on peroneal nerve neuropathy, emphasizing its conservative and surgical treatment. Discussion: As a conservative treatment for patients with CNPN, motor physiotherapy should be indicated when paresis for foot dorsiflexion is present. Patients who have “foot drop” should use an orthosis to prevent the shortening of the Achilles tendon. There is also an indication to treat comorbidities that are potentially associated with CNPN. It is advised that the patient avoids crossing the leg and/or performing activities in which the body position may cause direct compression of the peroneal nerve at the level of the fibula neck. Peripheral nerve neurostimulation is described in the literature, but still with a small number of studies. Among the clinical indications for the surgical treatment, the paresis of foot dorsiflexion, pain refractory to medications after a period of 3 months, and rapid neurological deterioration stand out. Conclusion: Conservative treatments are effective for managing CNPN, while surgical intervention should be considered in cases of refractory pain or rapid neurological deterioration.