One of the technologies that has a leading role in Industry 4.0 and Health 4.0 is the Decision Support System (DSS), which automates various processes without human involvement. The decisions are based on collected data, containing sensitive information, that must be secured via cryptographic algorithms. Their effectiveness in encoding information is based on the difficulty of solving specific mathematical problems. While the research regarding quantum computers is steadily increasing, the common cryptographic algorithms cannot continue to provide high security, because their mathematical problems will be solved significantly faster, resulting in successful brute force attacks. In this chapter, the Industry 4.0 and Health 4.0-based environment of DSSs and their cybersecurity issues will be analyzed. Moreover, their common security standards and cryptographic algorithms will be demonstrated. The impact of quantum computers will also be explored, as they seem to be ideal for the two 4.0 frameworks, due to the faster execution of functions like machine learning and big data. However, it is important to also highlight the danger to cybersecurity, due to this higher speed completion of more complex problems. Finally, the quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms, that have been suggested to counter this problem, will be presented.