Expanding on the previous chapter’s examination of ITU-T and IEEE standards for optical and wireless communication, this chapter explores the transition toward the concept of integrated access networks. In addition to reviewing the role of each layer in the OSI reference model for network design, it delves into emerging optical and wireless convergence technologies. Key advancements toward such an integrated networks include Radio over Fiber (RoF), integrated LiFi/WiFi networks, fiber-wireless hybrid systems, and hybrid wireless-optical broadband access networks. This chapter provides insights into these technologies, highlighting their potential to enhance network performance while improving the scalability and reliability of the next generation of the communication networks.