Fetal early experiences of reward are reflected in clocks of performing a single pleasure-like incident, as well as in clocks of their reoccurrences in trajectories along gestation. Unlike previous descriptions of rewarding experiences, this chapter will describe the development of the sense of reward as corresponding to the rhythms of arousal buildup and return to excitation-inhibition balance. These clocks include known structures involved in the experience of reward, but they will be presented as dependent on the earlier molecular formations and the coordination of these formations between various levels. Those levels range from genetics, ion channels and cellular balance, neurotransmitter development, up to a complex timely intermixing quicker and slower rates of reward-processing regional growth. This chapter outlines the granular components for the differential time-sensitive rates of growth within the corticostriatal-pallidum-thalamic circuit, responsible for the origin and control of pleasure-like fetal behaviors. As such, this chapter outlines the role of GABA, glutamate, and acetylcholine and their switches on the excitatory-inhibitory axis through mid-gestation. Findings that at mid-gestation dopaminergic receptors in the immature prefrontal cortex are involved in the development of associative neurons, especially neurons involved in working memory, are presented. The structural advance of the regional network responsible for pleasure-like experiences and behaviors is presented here as based on early gestational functions of ionic regulation, especially chloride, sodium, and potassium, which in turn is governed by ultradian oscillations of clock genes for timely ion transport and cell osmotic regulation. This chapter also shows the assisting role of glial cells during early development as generated by ionic interplay, affecting timely development of choroid plexus macrophages. The time window of mid-gestation, associated with the borderline of viability and the onset of pleasure-like fetal behaviors, is suggested as the time of convergence between earlier molecular building blocks and structural-functional network establishment in the corticostriatal-pallidum-thalamic circuit. It is concluded that the clocks of reward reflect the time-sensitive process of ultradian on-off switches in excitation levels governed by clock genes, leading towards the onset of experience-based pruning routes, involving matched excitatory and inhibitory synapses to enable time-limited mounting of arousal and timely return to balance for any executed pleasure-like fetal behavior from mid-gestation onwards.

The Clocks of Reward: Rhythms of Switches in Excitation Trigger Pleasure-Like Behaviors

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发表日期：

2025年

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Sari Goldstein Ferber

摘要

Fetal early experiences of reward are reflected in clocks of performing a single pleasure-like incident, as well as in clocks of their reoccurrences in trajectories along gestation. Unlike previous descriptions of rewarding experiences, this chapter will describe the development of the sense of reward as corresponding to the rhythms of arousal buildup and return to excitation-inhibition balance. These clocks include known structures involved in the experience of reward, but they will be presented as dependent on the earlier molecular formations and the coordination of these formations between various levels. Those levels range from genetics, ion channels and cellular balance, neurotransmitter development, up to a complex timely intermixing quicker and slower rates of reward-processing regional growth. This chapter outlines the granular components for the differential time-sensitive rates of growth within the corticostriatal-pallidum-thalamic circuit, responsible for the origin and control of pleasure-like fetal behaviors. As such, this chapter outlines the role of GABA, glutamate, and acetylcholine and their switches on the excitatory-inhibitory axis through mid-gestation. Findings that at mid-gestation dopaminergic receptors in the immature prefrontal cortex are involved in the development of associative neurons, especially neurons involved in working memory, are presented. The structural advance of the regional network responsible for pleasure-like experiences and behaviors is presented here as based on early gestational functions of ionic regulation, especially chloride, sodium, and potassium, which in turn is governed by ultradian oscillations of clock genes for timely ion transport and cell osmotic regulation. This chapter also shows the assisting role of glial cells during early development as generated by ionic interplay, affecting timely development of choroid plexus macrophages. The time window of mid-gestation, associated with the borderline of viability and the onset of pleasure-like fetal behaviors, is suggested as the time of convergence between earlier molecular building blocks and structural-functional network establishment in the corticostriatal-pallidum-thalamic circuit. It is concluded that the clocks of reward reflect the time-sensitive process of ultradian on-off switches in excitation levels governed by clock genes, leading towards the onset of experience-based pruning routes, involving matched excitatory and inhibitory synapses to enable time-limited mounting of arousal and timely return to balance for any executed pleasure-like fetal behavior from mid-gestation onwards.