Multiple factors may have contributed to the failure to establish a self-sustaining population of the Kihansi Spray Toad in the Kihansi Gorge between 2012 and 2023. The more likely factors include genetic adaptation for captivity, a small founder population, reduced immunological experience, and the continuing presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Kihansi Gorge. The effect of these factors could be additive as well as interactive. However, given that the preponderance of evidence suggests that chytridiomycosis was the proximate cause of the extinction in the wild of the Kihansi Spray Toad, highest priority in the future should be given initially to assessing the effectiveness of recently proposed mitigation measures to control chytridiomycosis in situ combined with enhancing the immunological experience of animals prior to reintroduction. This could include exposing animals to low virulent isolates of Bd and other native pathogens prior to reintroduction; reintroducing animals to spray wetlands where reservoir host species are absent or their abundance can be controlled; and creating microhabitats in enclosures in the spray wetlands where the Kihansi Spray Toad can potentially self-clear chytridiomycosis.