Plasticizer pollution in river water is a concerning issue because of the different ecological health impacts of plasticizers. Plasticizers are chemical compounds that are generally added to various polymers to improve their performance and durability. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely found in paints, plastics, herbicides, rubber, pesticides, fertilizers, cosmetics, etc. PAEs are present in water cycles mainly through leaching from plastic materials and from above sources. Recent studies have revealed that human exposure to different PAEs may lead to different health effects, including reproductive effects, pregnancy neurodevelopment, thyroid signaling, asthma, and allergies. River water not only is used by humans but also helps thrive in different ecological organisms. Studies on the occurrence and migration of plasticizers and their impacts on river ecosystems are limited. This chapter addresses those issues and the ecological impacts of plasticizers, with a particular focus on phthalates.