Trend Scenarios for a Stationary Charging Infrastructure to Handle Direct Electric Road Transport in Germany
摘要
The German Climate Protection Act mandates a 65% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990, aiming to achieve climatic neutrality by 2045. Within this context, the transport sector faces a pressing need for prompt and effective emission reduction strategies. Notably, heavy-duty vehicles represent a small subset of the overall vehicle population but contribute disproportionately to emissions. Despite this, Germany lacks definitive policies for emissions-reducing technologies. A variety of possible technologies struggle due to efficiency disadvantages, direct-electric heavy-duty vehicles (stationary charging points and electric road systems) have emerged as a promising solution. Initially, the study envisions a hypothetical scenario with a complete adoption of battery electric trucks for forecasting. Accurate planning of the requisite charging infrastructure hinges on a precise understanding of energy demands, both in terms of location and magnitude. This paper offers a concise outline of the essential architecture of the macroscopic traffic model needed for this investigation, coupled with the resultant local energy demands from heavy-duty vehicles across Germany. Building upon this model, three prospective trend scenarios are devised, embodying possible configurations for sizing stationary charging infrastructure, forming the core emphasis of this study. The results show that an expansion of 25,700–72,000 low-power chargers and 5,100–13,400 high-power chargers can meet the calculated energy requirements for 100% battery-electric road freight transport in Germany.