Fire in wetlands poses a considerable challenge to their biota. This chapter presents data on some important South American wetlands with their different climatic patterns. Some are fire-dependent, others fire-independent. Fire incidence can vary from 9 to 206 fires per km2, often at the end of the dry season. The seasonally flooded grasslands are the most resistant, and the flooded forests of the Amazon River are the most sensitive to fire. The most floodable areas can have intense fire events, forming corridors of fire and flooding along rivers. Fire can induce water repellency on wetland soils and produce ashes that modify the environment during the flood. Fire can change, smooth, or trigger vegetation responses along the inundation gradient and promote the monodominance of certain species and vegetation openness. Megafires can produce high mortality in both flora and fauna. Fire is used to promote the abundance of some plants that serve as food, to make handicrafts, or even to improve the quality of native pastures. The regulation of Integrated Fire Management in wetlands is under discussion in South American countries. We understand that the research about fire in tropical and subtropical wetlands has many gaps that can subside the regulation process.