The great promise of the molecular biology revolution has been realized since the previous edition of this book was published. We now have FDA-approved therapies of several different classes for neurological indications that previously seemed hopeless and untreatable, heralding an era of therapeutic revolution. These newly approved therapies include gene therapies, antisense oligonucleotides, and antibodies. Neurological indications include spinal muscular atrophy, multiple sclerosis, migraine, autoimmune disorders, inherited ocular disorders, and Alzheimer’s disease. Another set of translational therapies are currently the subject of intensive research, with approvals likely in the next several years. These include stem cells, CRISPR gene editing, and brain-machine interfaces / neuromodulation. Neurological indications include Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, stroke, spinal cord injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Many of these topics will be covered in this edition of Translational Neuroscience.