This chapter is devoted to the politically induced division of the German book market between 1949 and 1989 and explains different licensing practices in the East and West. The focus here is on the actions of publishers. While authors were responsible for the internationalization of their works around 1900 (Chapter  5 ) and agencies were at the center of trade during the exile period (Chapter  6 ), publishers in Germany now took over the interlingual licensing business. The dominant role of publishers in the literary market in this period is specific not only to Germany but also to continental Europe—unlike in the USA or the UK, for example, but also unlike in Spain, where agencies traditionally dominated.