Limited reserves of fossil fuel coupled with its combustion-related greenhouse gas emissions, increasing fuel demand, and international pressure to adopt sustainable practices have been a major driving force in the quest for renewable production. Moreover, lifestyle changes mostly in urban areas have contributed to significant waste generation amounting to approximately 0.5 kg/capita/day in Indian metro cities, the major source of urban waste. Out of this, an estimated 82% gets collected, only 28% of the collected waste gets treated, and the rest is either openly dumped or littered. Therefore, there is a growing need to divert the waste from landfills and find sustainable routes for waste-to-energy (WtE) other than the conventional detrimental waste management systems. Around 51% of the collected waste is organic, having an energy content of 1751 kcal/kg, making it a potential feedstock for energy generation. Agrarian countries such as India can leverage their vast agricultural biomass waste pool to generate clean and renewable energy. This chapter will focus on the recent WtE technologies encompassing thermal, chemical, and biochemical routes, for the conversion of different kinds of wastes, namely municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural waste, food waste, sewage sludge, plastics, etc. all of which can be potentially used for bioenergy applications. The chapter further aims to analyze the major challenges in the scale-up of potential WtE technologies by identifying gaps and proposing solutions to improve the economic feasibility of the processes. Additionally, this chapter serves as a valuable guide for climate policy decision-makers, offering them the necessary insights to make informed choices regarding the feasibility and implementation of WtE technologies.