Bangladesh’s main water resource management issues are flood, drought, drainage congestion, riverbank erosion, salinity intrusion, groundwater (both contamination and depletion), land subsidence, cyclone and storm surges, etc. Over time, some of these issues are intensified by anthropogenic interventions, which contribute to the deterioration of water quality and natural systems. On top of these, transboundary issues, add to the complexity of the problems; unfortunately, the magnitude of these problems will only increase over the period in the near future and far beyond due to climate change impacts as described in Chap. 7 . As such, human interventions should be restricted or limited so that the actions do not increase the problems more than what nature is already causing. The main issues and challenges of the low-lying Bangladesh Delta are described in this chapter. Bangladesh is a land of rivers originating from the great Himalayan flows through Bangladesh, creating the active alluvial delta country with fertile land. Plenty of rainfall during monsoon and fertile land is the key parameter for developing the country as an agrarian-based livelihood through centuries. Socio-economic features are presented in relation to the delta to highlight other important aspects such as huge population density and growth and the challenge of food security in a relatively small delta area. The found issues and challenges formed the basis to define Hotspots areas, as analytical problem focused on entities. Structuring the issues and challenges led besides the Hotspots to general national as well as thematic issue and challenges. The categories of issues and challenges formed points of departure for the strategy formulation stage.