In Raniganj coalfield (RCF), West Bengal, India, potable waters are affected by anthropogenic, and mining activities. The present study aims to evaluate the quality of potable water, to study the effects of anthropogenic and mining activities on the water quality of RCF, and also suggest necessary strategies for purification, and sustainability of wastewater of pit lake (PL). Season-wise, nine different samples of surface and subsurface potable water were collected and analyzed from 2019 to 2022. Outcomes show the pH of a small percentage of potable water is nearly neutral and mostly alkaline. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is applied to understand and identify the interrelationships between the different indicators and the most contributive sources of water quality. It exhibits that the size of the Eigenvalues are > 1 and cumulative values are 91.3, 99.2, 99.7, and 99.9%. Computed water quality index (WQI) ranges from 12.276 to 103.469 indicating that the colliery-related waters are unfit for use, and some are even very poor. The topographic wetness index (TWI) also shows how much topography affects a certain area's hydrological parameters. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), Potentially Toxic Elements’ (PTE) pollution, chemical pollution, Erosion, and sedimentation are the prime types of mining activities that impact potable water quality. To reduce water scarcity, especially in the summer season sustainable water management strategies have been suggested by the authors which are required to be implemented in this area.