The Qinling region serves as an important ecological security barrier in China. By integrating multiple data sources such as DEM, land types, and meteorological data, and coupling models like CASA, InVEST, RUSLE, and CA-Markov, this study simulated and predicted the spatial–temporal distribution of key ecological services in the Qinling region, including net primary productivity (NPP), soil conservation (SC), and habitat quality (HQ). The correlation coefficient method was employed to identify trade-off/synergy relationships from both static and dynamic perspectives. The results indicate that, temporally, the inter annual variations of NPP, SC, and HQ generally exhibit a fluctuating upward trend. Spatially, NPP, SC, and HQ demonstrate characteristics of being higher in the north and lower in the south, and higher in the west and lower in the east. From a static perspective, all three pairs of ecosystem services exhibit significant synergistic relationships; from a dynamic perspective, they primarily manifest as trade-off relationships. The CA-Markov model demonstrates high accuracy in simulating the spatial–temporal distribution of ecosystem services for 2022. According to the prediction results, all three ecosystem services are expected to undergo optimized development in the future.