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This study investigates the effectiveness of interaction modalities for working within 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional content in autonomous vehicles (AVs). In a Virtual Reality (VR) simulation, three interaction concepts - space mouse, gesture control, and touchpad - are evaluated independently and comparatively based on task completion, user feedback, User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), and NASA Task Load Index (TLX) assessments. The results show that the space mouse concept is positively received for both 2D and 3D interactions, with high task completion rates and reduced task times. Gesture control is favorable when executed intuitively, while the touchpad performs well in 2D but struggles in 3D due to spatial disparities and technical limitations. UEQ and TLX results align with qualitative findings. Consequently, a hybrid system integrating gesture control and space mouse input is developed to address limitations and enhance user experience within autonomous vehicles.

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Exploring Interactions in Autonomous Vehicles: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Various Interaction Methods for 2D and 3D Content

  • 会议论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Zack Walker,
  • Ansgar Gerlicher,
  • Axel Braun,
  • Lea Pinnow,
  • Daniel Heinemann,
  • Simon Janik,
  • Elias Merzhäuser

摘要

This study investigates the effectiveness of interaction modalities for working within 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional content in autonomous vehicles (AVs). In a Virtual Reality (VR) simulation, three interaction concepts - space mouse, gesture control, and touchpad - are evaluated independently and comparatively based on task completion, user feedback, User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), and NASA Task Load Index (TLX) assessments. The results show that the space mouse concept is positively received for both 2D and 3D interactions, with high task completion rates and reduced task times. Gesture control is favorable when executed intuitively, while the touchpad performs well in 2D but struggles in 3D due to spatial disparities and technical limitations. UEQ and TLX results align with qualitative findings. Consequently, a hybrid system integrating gesture control and space mouse input is developed to address limitations and enhance user experience within autonomous vehicles.