This chapter examines the framing of gender-based violence (GBV) as both a public health priority and a central concern within social work practice, using South Sudan as a case study. Globally, GBV remains a pervasive issue, with women and girls at heightened risk, particularly in contexts of conflict and humanitarian crises. Factors such as displacement, the erosion of protective social structures, weakened law enforcement, reinforced harmful gender norms, and disrupted livelihoods contribute to the escalation of GBV in these settings. In response, increased international focus has been placed on generating reliable evidence about the forms, drivers, and consequences of violence against women and girls in conflict-affected populations, despite the methodological and ethical complexities involved in such research. This chapter provides a comprehensive literature review on how GBV is framed within public health and social work discourse, highlighting its multi-dimensional impact on survivors, families, and communities. It further explores the roles of local and international organizations in efforts to prevent and respond to GBV in South Sudan, identifying key barriers and facilitators to effective intervention. By mapping existing evidence and interventions, the chapter seeks to answer critical questions about who is affected, in what ways, and what responsibilities social workers and allied professionals hold in addressing GBV in humanitarian settings.