Collaborative Networks (CNs) consist of independent entities that collaborate by sharing resources and responsibilities in pursuit of a common goal. The United Nations, through its 2030 Agenda, introduced the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2016, with SDG 17 focusing on “Partnerships for the Goals.” This goal promotes global and organizational collaboration to drive sustainable action. Despite frequent references to CNs in the context of sustainable development, there is limited research addressing how these networks facilitate the equitable and sustainable distribution of value to reduce poverty and inequality. CNs are shaped by their organizational structures, business models, and supporting technologies. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted, following the PRISMA guidelines. The findings from the SLR form the foundation of a proposed conceptual framework—Context-Interventions-Mechanisms-Outcomes (CIMO)—for CNs. The developed CIMO framework acts as a means to understand different partnership types for accomplishing the UN social goals. The review of the 28 selected articles provides an understanding of how the economic sector, type of research, and research focus are related; the design of predictive rules that reflect the research conducted; and identification of the business models, the decision support models, and the digital architectures present in CNs when the purpose is the social sustainable development. Future research should focus on studying new forms of collaboration and socially sustainable business models.