This chapter explores the history of the H-Evo-Devo Theory that covers the late nineteenth century to mid-twentieth century, a crucial period intertwined with the emergence and establishment of the Modern Synthesis. First, it challenges the narrative of the “synthesis” between Darwinism and Mendelism, shedding light on the significant role played by anti-Darwinian theories such as neo-Lamarckism, orthogenesis, and saltationism. Notably, it argues that these theories are rooted in an organism-centered perspective, emphasizing the organism’s interaction with its environment and developmental processes to explain the complexities of variation phenomena. In so doing, it concludes that population geneticists did not resolve the issues of Darwinism, as their interpretations were confined to a gene-centered perspective. However, adopting an organism-centered perspective is needed in order to gain insight into the behavior of variation as well as the phenomena of inheritance. Second, it illustrates that Goldschmidt and Schindewolf (representing the Unmodern Synthesis) along with Dobzhansky, Mayr, and Simpson (who represent the Modern Synthesis) formulated their evolutionary ideas under a hierarchical view. Despite their perspectives stemming from different evolutionary frameworks, the following common points are recognized for the emergence of a potential hierarchy theory of evolution: (1) It represents a hierarchy of types, (2) it presents two decoupled evolutionary levels, and (3) it portrays a phylogenetic tree constructed from the top down, rather than bottom up.