Military surgery differs significantly from civilian practice due to the multistage nature of battlefield care and the austere environments in which it occurs. Despite resource limitations, military medicine is known for continuous innovation, often driven by the evolving conditions of wars and global conflicts. Lessons learned from military surgery have historically advanced medical knowledge and techniques across the field. The chapter provides a historical overview of medical and surgical care in the U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy, highlighting key contributions. The U.S. Army Medical Corps, established in 1775, pioneered organized battlefield care, triage, and evacuation systems during the Civil War and World Wars. Innovations such as blood transfusions, antibiotics, and damage control surgery emerged from these experiences. The Air Force Medical Service, formed in 1949, excelled in aeromedical evacuation and critical care air transport, particularly during the Korean and Vietnam Wars. The Navy Medical Corps, with roots dating back to 1798, contributed to shipboard medicine and forward surgical care, supporting Marine Corps operations through modern conflicts. Technological advancements, including telemedicine, mobile surgical units, and the development of specialized surgical teams, have further enhanced military medical capabilities. Today, the structured system of care, from point-of-injury treatment to definitive care in facilities stateside, exemplifies the culmination of these innovations. Understanding this history is vital for military medical personnel, as it provides context for current practices and inspires continued advancements to ensure the health and readiness of service members.