Calvaria and scalp lesions are common in clinical practice and may be classified into various categories according to their anatomical characteristics, age of the patient, clinical finding, pathological nature, and histological analysis. Clinically, the lesions can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally or are detected as a palpable painful, or painless mass on the skin and, depending on the location, the neurological deficits can also occur. Their pathological nature is multivarious and may be tumoral, congenital, vascular, inflammatory, traumatic, infectious, or others. The medical history, the age of the patient, the clinical complaints, and the differential diagnoses must be considered together in the diagnostic process and to evaluate the urgency of histological examination.