This chapter comprehensively reviews the developmental anatomy and histology of the scalp and calvarium, highlighting their complex structures and functions. It delves into the multilayered composition of the scalp, detailing the specific roles and interactions of each layer and the calvarium, and highlighting the formation of this layer and its protective role for the brain. The text brings together information from embryonic origins, detailing the important contributions of the ectodermal and mesodermal layers and the influence of the neural crest on craniofacial development. Additionally, it addresses the clinical relevance of understanding these structures for surgical procedures, trauma assessment, and cosmetic interventions, highlighting the importance of developmental anatomy and histology in various medical fields. This chapter is a vital resource for healthcare professionals, providing an in-depth understanding of the anatomy of the scalp and calvarium that is vital to effective patient care and research advances.