Scalp and cranial vaults may be infected by various microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Classically, the majority of scalp and skull vault infections encountered in neurosurgical practices include scalp abscesses and cranial osteomyelitis. Because of the significant proximity of the scalp and calvaria with intracranial structures, the seriousness of these infectious diseases is related to their intracranial extensions and potentially life-threatening complications. Management of cranial bone infections continues to pose a significant challenge to contemporary neurosurgeons worldwide. Correct prevention and treatment of risk factors and causes that may lead to these infectious diseases are the best ways to close the door to pathogens invasion. A summary of the main forms of scalp abscesses and cranial vault osteomyelitis is provided in this chapter.