Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has become a preferred minimally invasive technique in managing benign thyroid nodules. An extensive understanding of neck anatomy is crucial for the effective and safe execution of RFA procedures, which demand precision and caution to avoid adjacent structures. This text delves deeply into the various anatomical components of the neck concerning the thyroid gland, including gross anatomy, vascularization, innervation, histological structure, and surrounding critical structures. Particular emphasis is placed on ultrasound-guided techniques, identifying anatomical landmarks, and considerations regarding anatomical variations. A thorough exploration of anatomy-related complications during RFA provides insight for practitioners to enhance patient care. This comprehensive resource aims to improve clinical outcomes and enhance the safety profile of thyroid interventions.