In New Caledonia, the balance between water resources and uses is becoming precarious. On one hand, there is pressure from withdrawals to meet the domestic and economic needs of the population. On the other hand, there are “aggressions” that can damage natural areas and alter the quality of water and aquatic environments. The main pressures are terrigenous inputs, such as red water and sedimentation due to erosion (related to fires, mining activity, land clearing, proliferation of deer, etc.) and wastewater discharges from urban, industrial and agricultural origin. This chapter maps water-related demand and uses from different sectors (metallurgic industry, agriculture and domestic) and territories, while highlighting the main regional differences. It then analyses the various pressures that impact the landscapes and water degradation: mining activities, rising logging and the increase of irrigated agriculture development. It also underlines the issues linked to the introduction of invasive species and bush fires. Lastly, it highlights the major drivers of change that are likely to shape and increase water pressures, such as climate change.