Allergic Rhinitis
摘要
Allergic rhinitis (AR) affectsapproximately 50 million people in the United It typically presents with symptoms States. It is associated with the co-existence of asthma, eczema, chronic or recurrent sinusitis, cough, and headache. Symptoms manifest as nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, post-nasal drainage, itching of the eyes, nose, throat and sneezing. Allergic rhinitis is associated with significant patient health care and economic burden. For seasonal AR (SAR), physical exam often revealsswollenpale turbinates and for PAR as red and inflamed turbinates with serous secretions. Physical examination cannot differentiate AR from other forms of chronic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis occurs when disruptionof the epithelial barrier allowsaeroallergens topenetrate which results in a T helper type 2 (TH2) inflammatory response leading to production of allergen specific IgE. First line treatment of mild intermittent or persistent AR includes a second generation H1-antihistamine (SGAH) or intranasal antihistamine(INAH). In contrast, for persistent moderate to severe AR, treatment typically requires an intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) as monotherapy or in combination with an INAH. When medications are incompletely effective or patients do not want to take medication for an extended period of time then subcutaneous our sublingual allergen immunotherapy may be an option. It is important to accurately diagnose AR as this condition mimics other forms of chronic rhinitis which often requires different therapeutic approaches. If AR is managed appropriately, it is associated with an excellent prognosis.