This chapter begins the analysis of anthropomorphism starting from Costello’s discussion of Wolfgang Köhler’s experiments with chimpanzees. It first reads Köhler’s book, The Mentality of Apes, in the context of the “birth” and development of behaviorism at the beginning of the twentieth century. It then briefly discusses the reappraisal of (some forms of) anthropomorphism at the end of the twentieth century in light of the paradigm shift operated by cognitive ethology. It then compares Köhler’s experiments and Kafka’s story “A Report to an Academy” to argue that Köhler’s “scientific” ethos is still informed by an anthropomorphic drive in looking for human characteristics in nonhuman animals, whereas Kafka’s explicit literary anthropomorphism can help building a bridge to animal subjectivity and true otherness.