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The 1970s and 1980s saw several major improvements in the technologies of ammonia-related processesICI (Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited)processes as a direct outcome of innovations in catalysisCatalysts. In steam reforming, ICI’s novel nickel catalysts enabled increases in the pressure, permitting use of even fewer furnace tubes, and also smaller furnaces. Iron oxide and copper catalysts were used in the important shift reaction; a nickel catalyst brought about more efficient removal of carbon oxides from synthesis gasSynthesis gas (syngas) by methanation, which replaced the copper liquor processCarbon monoxideremoval, by copper liquor process. ICI’s high-activity ammonia synthesis catalysts made possible the greatest lowering of the ammoniaICI (Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited)processesAMV, ammonia synthesis pressure. The ICI AMV synthetic ammoniaSynthesis loop, for ammonia process featured a low-pressure synthesis loop, and a cobalt-promoted high-activity magnetite catalyst. The low pressure enabled cryogenic removal of methane, argon, and excess nitrogenFertilizersnitrogen. Other notable developments included Haldor Topsøe’s[aut]Topsøe, Haldor radial-flow converter, and C.F. Braun’s[aut]Braun, Carl Franklin novel process for purification of synthesis gasSynthesis gas (syngas). Changing economic conditions brought about considerable reorganization in the ammonia and chemical industries. US manufacturers suffered from competition in the form of cheap imported ammonia, sometimes made by US technology. High energy costs brought about the decline of the UK synthetic ammonia industry. Elsewhere, however, the industry continued to expand.

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Process Innovations in the 1970s and 1980s. International Growth

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Anthony S. Travis

摘要

The 1970s and 1980s saw several major improvements in the technologies of ammonia-related processesICI (Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited)processes as a direct outcome of innovations in catalysisCatalysts. In steam reforming, ICI’s novel nickel catalysts enabled increases in the pressure, permitting use of even fewer furnace tubes, and also smaller furnaces. Iron oxide and copper catalysts were used in the important shift reaction; a nickel catalyst brought about more efficient removal of carbon oxides from synthesis gasSynthesis gas (syngas) by methanation, which replaced the copper liquor processCarbon monoxideremoval, by copper liquor process. ICI’s high-activity ammonia synthesis catalysts made possible the greatest lowering of the ammoniaICI (Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited)processesAMV, ammonia synthesis pressure. The ICI AMV synthetic ammoniaSynthesis loop, for ammonia process featured a low-pressure synthesis loop, and a cobalt-promoted high-activity magnetite catalyst. The low pressure enabled cryogenic removal of methane, argon, and excess nitrogenFertilizersnitrogen. Other notable developments included Haldor Topsøe’s[aut]Topsøe, Haldor radial-flow converter, and C.F. Braun’s[aut]Braun, Carl Franklin novel process for purification of synthesis gasSynthesis gas (syngas). Changing economic conditions brought about considerable reorganization in the ammonia and chemical industries. US manufacturers suffered from competition in the form of cheap imported ammonia, sometimes made by US technology. High energy costs brought about the decline of the UK synthetic ammonia industry. Elsewhere, however, the industry continued to expand.