Chapter 4 addresses the theme of Affective-Semiotic Self-Regulation, the second dimension proposed in the Distributed Free Improvisation Model. Valsiner’s theory (2014, 2021) understands that human semiosis comprises a series of verbal and non-verbal signs. These signs have multiple functions and play specific roles in meaning-making processes. The author suggests that the meaningful relationships we build with the world occur from the interaction between self-meaning processes and sociocultural contexts. Self-Other-World relationship is always mediated. This mediation involves affects, emotions, and feelings. Therefore, through their life trajectory, each subject infuses an affective dimension to the experiences lived in a social context with others. Affects are an essential regulatory element of human beings (and, consequently, of society) and their actions. Learning music and playing a musical instrument, being experiences loaded with history, traditions, and affections, constitute a fruitful context in which affective-semiotic fields emerge, intensify, persist, transform, or weaken. These interactions build hierarchical layers of affective-semiotic signs/fields that begin to regulate the musical actions of musicians/improvisers, their ways of playing the musical instrument, and acting during a musical performance. Free improvisation takes shape from these dialogic dynamics, which act as self-regulators of the improvisation activity.