The efficiency of production and use of fuel-energy resources, their availability or, on the contrary, a stable supply deficit has always been and remain the factors determining the growth limits of any national economy. The objective of the study is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations of economic and organizational modernization of the Belarusian fuel-energy complex in the context of geopolitical instability, capable of ensuring balancing of the energy and production spheres of the economy of the Republic of Belarus. The method of statistical, comparative and system analysis, descriptive and analytical approaches, systematization and conceptualization of scientific ideas were used. The material was based on modern works of famous English-speaking and Russian-speaking scientists and specialists, as well as official data. Over the past 30 years, modernization of the energy sector of Belarus was carried out in the following areas: (1) development of nuclear energy, (2) development of renewable energy, (3) increasing the share of local fuels, (4) technological modernization of production capacities and infrastructure, deepening of international cooperation. Further directions of the industry modernization are determined by the following challenges: to increase the volumes of electric and thermal energy while increasing the energy security; to further develop of renewable energy; digitalization; to train of innovative workers; to deepening differentiation of tariffs by place and time; to form of a system for redistribution of part of the added value from producers of traditional energy to producers of energy from renewable sources; to develop of the export potential of the Belarusian energy industry under the geopolitical instability. The findings are of practical importance for state and local governments in developing fuel-energy policy, as well as for fuel-energy enterprises.