In the current situation in Russia, sustainable development has taken on a new meaning: improving the global economy. Optimizing the methods of its financing is a key topic for discussion. This article analyzes and evaluates investment activity in the debt market of responsible investment. The authors have studied the features of the exchange and over-the-counter ESG markets, including their characteristics and functioning in modern economic realities. The objective of this study is to identify the specifics of the current stage of using debt instruments to finance projects in the field of ecology and socially significant initiatives, as well as the reasons that restrict the investment activity of economic entities organizing borrowing in the Sustainable Development Sector. The paper examines the influence of state-owned corporations and enterprises with state participation on the organization of financing for debt exchange and over-the-counter markets. It evaluates their specific features, and provides recommendations regarding the participation of all ESG elements for assessing sustainable development and the overall (final) values of the country equality of these components. The study of the correlation between investments in Sustainable Development Sector and the Human Development Index (HDI) is of practical significance. The findings confirm the close relationship between the two and identify the role of the public sector in mitigating the slowdown in the development of processes under study in the responsible investment market.