Knowledge of species’ occurrences and population sizes is a prerequisite for practically all ecological questions. Direct and indirect methods of assessing larger vertebrates (mammals and birds) are presented. Some survey methods can only determine the presence or absence of species. In addition to traditional on-site methods, e.g., counts along line transects, other detection tools such as camera traps, detection dogs, and sound decoys are also used depending on the animal group. Bird territories can be mapped using a bird species’ territorial behavior, and nest search can supplement visual and auditory bird detections. Smaller birds can be recorded in a standardized way using mist nets. Community-based long-term monitoring conducted by indigenous and local people is introduced.