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We present \(\text {Scloud}^+\) , an LWE-based key encapsulation mechanism (KEM). The key feature of \(\text {Scloud}^+\) is its use of the unstructured-LWE problem (i.e., without algebraic structures such as rings or modules) and its incorporation of ternary secrets and lattice coding to enhance performance. A notable advantage of the unstructured-LWE problem is its resistance to potential attacks exploiting algebraic structures, making it a conservative choice for constructing high-security schemes. However, a key disadvantage of such schemes is their limited computational and communication efficiency. \(\text {Scloud}^+\) utilizes ternary secrets and \(\text {BW}_{32}\) lattice codes to enhance noise control and ensure robust error correction during decryption, enabling smaller parameters while maintaining low decryption failure probabilities. Equipped with these techniques, \(\text {Scloud}^+\) exhibits a significant improvement in efficiency. When compared with FrodoKEM for parameter sets targeting 128, 192, and 256 bits of security respectively, \(\text {Scloud}^+\) achieves practical performance with a public key size approximately \(0.71 \sim 0.87\) x and a ciphertext size approximately \(0.56 \sim 0.78\) x that of FrodoKEM. The encapsulation plus decapsulation time is approximately \(0.74 \sim 0.84\) x that of FrodoKEM.

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\(\text {Scloud}^+\) : An Efficient LWE-Based KEM Without Ring/Module Structure

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Anyu Wang,
  • Zhongxiang Zheng,
  • Chunhuan Zhao,
  • Zhiyuan Qiu,
  • Guang Zeng,
  • Ye Yuan,
  • Changchun Mu,
  • Xiaoyun Wang

摘要

We present \(\text {Scloud}^+\) , an LWE-based key encapsulation mechanism (KEM). The key feature of \(\text {Scloud}^+\) is its use of the unstructured-LWE problem (i.e., without algebraic structures such as rings or modules) and its incorporation of ternary secrets and lattice coding to enhance performance. A notable advantage of the unstructured-LWE problem is its resistance to potential attacks exploiting algebraic structures, making it a conservative choice for constructing high-security schemes. However, a key disadvantage of such schemes is their limited computational and communication efficiency. \(\text {Scloud}^+\) utilizes ternary secrets and \(\text {BW}_{32}\) lattice codes to enhance noise control and ensure robust error correction during decryption, enabling smaller parameters while maintaining low decryption failure probabilities. Equipped with these techniques, \(\text {Scloud}^+\) exhibits a significant improvement in efficiency. When compared with FrodoKEM for parameter sets targeting 128, 192, and 256 bits of security respectively, \(\text {Scloud}^+\) achieves practical performance with a public key size approximately \(0.71 \sim 0.87\) x and a ciphertext size approximately \(0.56 \sim 0.78\) x that of FrodoKEM. The encapsulation plus decapsulation time is approximately \(0.74 \sim 0.84\) x that of FrodoKEM.