Rayhana al-Majnuna was an eighth-century black Muslim ascetic and Arabic poet from the city of Ubulla in modern-day Iraq. Her vigorous devotional practices, such as excessive weeping, expressions of intense fear of God, and praying throughout the night, earned her the moniker “the Mad” ( al-majnuna), and her verses reflect these pious postures. She may have been enslaved or an emancipated slave.