The environment and human activity interact through wastewater treatment plants which provide an ideal environment for the selection and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria. Large amounts of ARGs and ARBs are ultimately released into the water environment by wastewater treatment plants effluents since existing treatment techniques are unable to completely eliminate ARGs. This ultimately causes them to propagate and may transfer to people through water and the food chain. We studied the consequences of discharge by wastewater treatment plants on the bacterial community ecology in the sediment of a small, low-gradient stream in South Australia. Nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) are examples of greenhouse gases (GHG) that are directly released from biological processes when wastewater treatment plants are in operation. In usual wastewater treatment systems, 15 to 40% of the operational costs contribute to the extensive consumption of resources, mainly energy, in the wastewater treatment process. When wastewater is treated biologically, some harmful microbes develop that release bad odor and gases. The discharge of treated effluents such as water into bodies of water is not allowed because it has the ability to alter the chemical and physical characteristics of water which may result in a decrease in the population of aquatic animals.