Increasing uses of pharmaceutical drugs and pesticides has led to their accumulation in sources of water, which can cause serious risk to both ecological as well as biological health. Conventional water treatment processes are not found to remove these micropollutant completely. So, this creates an urgent requirement for a more efficient environmental friendly approach to deal with this problem. Bioinspired nanomaterials (NMs), which are synthesized by using biological agents like plants, microorganisms, or enzymes, are found to possess the most promising potential to deal with this problem. These NMs provide efficient contaminants removal by copying natural processes through adsorption and photocatalysis. This chapter reviews, the synthesis of bio-mediated NMs, their mechanism and their efficiency against pharmaceutical drugs and pesticide residuals as adsorbents or degrading agents. It will also review current applications, the advantages and drawbacks of applying such materials, the predictions of their use in water treatment towards sustainability.