The present chapter delves into utilising microRNAs (miRNAs) to alleviate plant abiotic stress, a pivotal domain within contemporary agriculture. Global food security is significantly challenged by abiotic stress factors such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and heavy metal toxicity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are small non-coding RNAs, have crucial functions in controlling gene expression and signalling pathways activated in plants in response to external stressors. The present chapter comprehensively examines the biogenesis and functionalities of microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants, particularly emphasising their involvement in stress tolerance mechanisms. Moreover, this study investigates recent progress in identifying and characterising stress-responsive microRNAs (miRNAs) and their corresponding target genes. The chapter additionally explores the potential utilisation of miRNAs in developing stress-tolerant crops via genetic modification and biotechnological methods based on miRNAs. The research findings presented in this study serve as a source of inspiration and motivation for advancing sustainable agricultural practices and the improved resilience of crops in response to environmental challenges.