One of the priority tasks facing Ukraine’s road sector is reducing the negative impact of the road-transport complex on the environment. Roads and transport structures affect natural landscapes, causing various forms of pollution, altering the flow of surface and groundwater, and can significantly change the living conditions of flora and fauna, as well as the migration paths of animals. Determining the extent of the impact on each environmental component and preventing negative consequences is also a task for the country’s lawmakers and scientists. To solve such problems, it is necessary to consider not only regulatory rules and technical documents but also seek scientific approaches and methodologies in this field of research. Using the example of the reconstruction of a bridge crossing, the method of hierarchy analysis was applied to determine the priority environmental components for which measures to reduce environmental impact should be developed first. The results were compared with calculated (projected) data, which showed the clarity and significance of each environmental component. The combination of such methods and approaches for assessing environmental impacts during the construction or reconstruction of transport infrastructure objects will allow not only the development of comprehensive measures to reduce environmental impact but also its preservation.