The purpose of this work is to improve the safety of motor vehicles by developing a polarimetric positioning system. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the issue of improving traffic safety is first achieved by using a polarimetric positioning system. The polarimetric model for determining the linear-angular parameters of the relative position of vehicles is analyzed. The use of the polarimetric measurement method for determining the linear-angular parameters of the relative position of vehicles is possible due to the binding of the azimuth of the polarization plane of a linearly polarized beam to the direction of its emission and the conduct of radiation in several channels that differ in the function of the dependence of the azimuth of the polarization plane of a linearly polarized beam on the direction of emission. The developed polarimetric vehicle positioning system allows simultaneous determination of positional and orientation parameters of the vehicles’ relative attitude. This approach is aimed at reducing the number of road accidents and can be used in the study of dynamic loads acting between the car wheel and the road surface. These studies are especially relevant in terms of overcoming bridge crossings with pavement defects by trucks, where dynamic loads can increase significantly. This should be taken into account during the design, construction, operation, and rehabilitation of road bridges in wartime and postwar periods.