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Now, the merchant letters as well as the registers of the Consular and Company communication is analysed to show how products from the European newsletter and newspaper market were transported to the Levant and to India. There is no collection of some years of avvisi or the London Gazette preserved that an Aleppo or Madras merchant would have owned. Only the probatory records of deceased merchants indicate such ownership from time to time. More so, one can extract from the letters quite continuously paragraphs where the merchants and Company servants refer to handwritten Italian and French newsletters, printed newsbooks, printed English, French, German and even Danish newspapers received and perused between Aleppo and Calcutta. Finally two precious copy-letter registers of outgoing mail by British Aleppo consuls in 1704/1705 and 1787/1788 allow to reconstruct a systematic organization of reception, forwarding and subscription of European printed newspapers via Aleppo to all important factories in India. One can precisely reconstruct the continuity and frequence of these sendings. It is evident that the establishment of own British printed newspapers in Calcutta after 1780 would not have been possible without those eighty or over hundred years of more and more professionalized news(paper) communication via the overland route. The chapter also shows how by this an Enlightenment European newspaper culture was meeting an autonomous „India Renaissance“ culture of newsletter production and circulation. Since emperor Akbar’s times, the late sixteenth century, in the Mughal empire a mixed and multiple network ranging from internal spies and state intelligence to semi-public newsletter circulation, mostly in Persian language (akhbārāt) which can be cautiously compared to the newsletter products of late medieval and Renaissance Europe. The European merchant and Company news circulation and the akhbārāt newsletters remained mostly separate and disclosed from each other in content and circulation ways throughout the eighteenth century though both networks “knew” from each other. Only in the half printed and half handwritten newspaper world of multi-lingual early nineteenth century India, hybrid forms of intersection seem to have emerged.

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Early European News and Newspapers in the Trade Networks’ Communication, Mediterranean and India

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Cornel Zwierlein

摘要

Now, the merchant letters as well as the registers of the Consular and Company communication is analysed to show how products from the European newsletter and newspaper market were transported to the Levant and to India. There is no collection of some years of avvisi or the London Gazette preserved that an Aleppo or Madras merchant would have owned. Only the probatory records of deceased merchants indicate such ownership from time to time. More so, one can extract from the letters quite continuously paragraphs where the merchants and Company servants refer to handwritten Italian and French newsletters, printed newsbooks, printed English, French, German and even Danish newspapers received and perused between Aleppo and Calcutta. Finally two precious copy-letter registers of outgoing mail by British Aleppo consuls in 1704/1705 and 1787/1788 allow to reconstruct a systematic organization of reception, forwarding and subscription of European printed newspapers via Aleppo to all important factories in India. One can precisely reconstruct the continuity and frequence of these sendings. It is evident that the establishment of own British printed newspapers in Calcutta after 1780 would not have been possible without those eighty or over hundred years of more and more professionalized news(paper) communication via the overland route. The chapter also shows how by this an Enlightenment European newspaper culture was meeting an autonomous „India Renaissance“ culture of newsletter production and circulation. Since emperor Akbar’s times, the late sixteenth century, in the Mughal empire a mixed and multiple network ranging from internal spies and state intelligence to semi-public newsletter circulation, mostly in Persian language (akhbārāt) which can be cautiously compared to the newsletter products of late medieval and Renaissance Europe. The European merchant and Company news circulation and the akhbārāt newsletters remained mostly separate and disclosed from each other in content and circulation ways throughout the eighteenth century though both networks “knew” from each other. Only in the half printed and half handwritten newspaper world of multi-lingual early nineteenth century India, hybrid forms of intersection seem to have emerged.