Cancer is a leading cause of death and a major public health issue worldwide (National Cancer Institute, 2024). Advances in treatment and early detection also yield exponential growth in the increasing number of long-term cancer survivors (Jemal et al., 2010; Santucci et al., 2020). However, there are known disparities in incidence, prevalence, susceptibility to cancer, early detection and screening, response to treatment, symptom profile, morbidity, mortality, and financial burden across multiple variables including race, ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status, and gender (Dorak & Karpuzoglu, 2012; Islami et al., 2020; NIH Cancer Disparities, 2024). Therefore, incorporating gender differences in cancer-related clinical trials, considering gender differences in oncology-related clinical care as well as in disseminated research, such as this chapter, is vital to optimizing outcomes (Rubin et al., 2020; Unger et al., 2022). This chapter will focus on differences between women and men across several of these cancer-related measures, with an emphasis on gender differences in cognitive sequelae of cancer and cancer treatment. At the same time, there are multiple etiologies for cognitive sequelae of cancer (Bender & Thelen, 2013), including via direct (e.g., neural inflammation, neurotoxicity, tumor burden) and indirect (e.g., stress, fatigue, mood) pathways (Andreotti et al., 2015; Lange et al., 2019; NCI PDQ—Cognitive Impairment in Adults with Cancer), these pathways will not be reviewed in detail. See Fig. 8.1 for an illustrative diagram of direct and indirect etiologies of cognitive sequelae of cancer.