Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a respiratory biofluid generated from airway lining fluid. EBC contains various biological components, such as nucleotides, proteins, lipids, and others derived from cells in the lung. EBC collection is simple and noninvasive, making it an attractive source for pulmonary disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. However, molecular analysis of EBC is technically challenging due to low concentrations of biomolecules in EBC and inconsistent sampling environments. This underscores the need to standardize the sample collection methods and develop novel analysis techniques to explore EBC for interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Here, we provide an overview of EBC, including their biological characteristics, collection methods, and analysis techniques. We also discuss the potential clinical applications of EBC for ILD and outline future technical developments.