Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Fetal Heart
摘要
Fetal cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (fetal CMR) provides comprehensive information about the fetal cardiovascular system, including anatomy, function, blood flow, and oxygenation of different vascular territories. Technological strides, including alternative gating methods (self-gating, pseudo-gating, metric optimized gating, and Doppler ultrasound cardiac gating), acceleration methods for image acquisition, and motion correction, continue to evolve, as illustrated by extensive research and emerging clinical applications. Fetal CMR complements fetal echocardiography when ultrasonographic windows are limited, such as in multiple gestations, maternal obesity, oligohydramnios, and poor acoustic windows due to bone shadowing. This chapter reviews the basic principles and techniques of fetal CMR, illustrates current clinical applications, and discusses future directions in this emerging field.